| contrast {stats} | R Documentation |
Return a matrix of contrasts.
contr.helmert(n, contrasts = TRUE)
contr.poly(n, scores = 1:n, contrasts = TRUE)
contr.sum(n, contrasts = TRUE)
contr.treatment(n, base = 1, contrasts = TRUE)
contr.SAS(n, contrasts = TRUE)
n |
a vector of levels for a factor, or the number of levels. |
contrasts |
a logical indicating whether contrasts should be computed. |
scores |
the set of values over which orthogonal polynomials are to be computed. |
base |
an integer specifying which group is considered the
baseline group. Ignored if |
These functions are used for creating contrast matrices for use in
fitting analysis of variance and regression models. The columns of
the resulting matrices contain contrasts which can be used for coding
a factor with n levels. The returned value contains the
computed contrasts. If the argument contrasts is FALSE
a square indicator matrix (the dummy coding) is returned except
for contr.poly (which include the 0-degree, i.e. constant,
polynomial when contrasts = FALSE).
cont.helmert returns Helmert contrasts, which contrast the
second level with the first, the third with the average of the first
two, and so on. contr.poly returns contrasts based on
orthogonal polynomials. contr.sum uses ‘sum to zero
contrasts’.
contr.treatment contrasts each level with the baseline level
(specified by base): the baseline level is omitted. Note that
this does not produce ‘contrasts’ as defined in the standard
theory for linear models as they are not orthogonal to the intercept.
contr.SAS is a wrapper for contr.treatment that sets
the base level to be the last level of the factor. The coefficients
produced when using these contrasts should be equivalent to those
produced by many (but not all) SAS procedures.
A matrix with n rows and k columns, with k=n-1 if
contrasts is TRUE and k=n if contrasts is
FALSE.
Chambers, J. M. and Hastie, T. J. (1992) Statistical models. Chapter 2 of Statistical Models in S eds J. M. Chambers and T. J. Hastie, Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
contrasts,
C,
and
aov,
glm,
lm.
(cH <- contr.helmert(4))
apply(cH, 2,sum) # column sums are 0!
crossprod(cH) # diagonal -- columns are orthogonal
contr.helmert(4, contrasts = FALSE) # just the 4 x 4 identity matrix
(cT <- contr.treatment(5))
all(crossprod(cT) == diag(4)) # TRUE: even orthonormal
(cT. <- contr.SAS(5))
all(crossprod(cT.) == diag(4))# TRUE
(cP <- contr.poly(3)) # Linear and Quadratic
zapsmall(crossprod(cP), digits=15) # orthonormal up to fuzz